2020, Scienceline Publication  
JWPR  
Poultry Research  
J. World Poult. Res. 10(2S): 223-234, June 14, 2020  
Journal of World’s  
Research Paper, PII: S2322455X2000028-10  
License: CC BY 4.0  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.28  
Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for  
Controlling Mycotoxicosis in Broiler Chickens  
Anwaar M. El Nabarawy1*, K. Madian1, Iman B. Shaheed2 and Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany1  
1Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt  
2Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt  
*Corresponding author’s Email: anwaar.elnabarawy@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0003-1618-6842  
Received: 22 Feb. 2020  
Accepted: 29 Mar. 2020  
ABSTRACT  
Natural contamination of feedstuffs with mycotoxins is considered a major problem affecting the poultry industry in  
Egypt. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the ability of different antimycotoxin compounds in the control of  
mycotoxicosis caused by naturally contaminated diet in broiler chickens. A total of 180 day-old broiler chicks were  
divided into six groups (30 chicks each group) and kept for a 5-week experimental period. Group 1 was kept as  
control negative (non mycotoxicated or treated), while group 2 was kept as a positive control (mycotoxicated only).  
Groups 2-6 were fed ration contaminated with 11 ppb aflatoxins, 3.9 ppb ochratoxins, and 4.2 ppm zearalenone.  
Groups 3-6 were kept in mycotoxicated ration until 2 weeks of age when clinical signs and lesions were suggestive  
for mycotoxicosis. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with biological, antioxidant, immunostimulant compounds;  
respectively. Biological, antioxidants and immunostimulant compounds were given in the drinking water. In group 6,  
ration was treated with formaldehyde vapor. Performance parameters including body weight, feed consumption and  
feed conversion rate were recorded weekly. Clinical signs, mortalities and lesions were observed. Serum samples  
were collected for determination of immunological profile to infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus vaccine.  
Moreover, liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricius were collected for histopathological examination. Muscles and liver  
tissue samples were collected for determination of aflatoxins residues. Results revealed significant improvement in  
performance parameters in treated groups in comparison to non-treated mycotoxicated group, however, antioxidants-  
treated birds showed the highest performance. The severity of clinical signs and lesions were reduced in the treated  
chickens compared to non-treated mycotoxicated ones. Significant modulation in immune response toward IBD virus  
was observed in all treated chickens compared to non-treated mycotoxicated chickens. Histopathological examination  
of organs of control mycotoxicated birds showed severe degenerative changes which became mild in bursa of  
Fabricius while returned to normal histological structure in liver and kidney. Residues of aflatoxins in tissues of all  
groups exceeded the permissible limit with high levels in mycotoxicated control positive group. In conclusion, water  
treatments with some antimycotoxin agents like biological, antioxidants and immunostimulant compounds greatly  
counteracted the adverse effect of the naturally contaminated ration with different mycotoxins.  
Key words: Acids, Antioxidants, Formaldehyde, Immunostimulant, Mycotoxins, Poultry  
INTRODUCTION  
immunosuppression and subsequently increase the  
susceptibility to different infections (Xue et al., 2010).  
Even at low concentration, synergistic more toxic and  
lethal additive action of different mycotoxins types was  
exert (Boermans and Leung, 2007; Streit et al., 2012).  
Residues of aflatoxin and ochratoxin have health  
hazardous effects on the human through consumption of  
chickens meat and egg (Bryden, 2012).  
There are different combined strategies targeting the  
deactivation of mycotoxins (Jalili et al., 2011). The  
efficacy of a biological compound containing organic  
acids, enzymes and yeast extracts was proved in  
counteracting aflatoxicosis and improving both health and  
immunity of broiler chickens (Shareef and Omar, 2012).  
Mycotoxins are secondary chemicals, biologically active  
toxic metabolites of certain toxigenic species of certain  
fungi that produced under certain environmental  
conditions of humidity and temperature (Shamsudeen et  
al., 2013). There are over 200 species of fungus that  
produce mycotoxins. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone,  
fumonisins, trichothecenes and other mycotoxins  
significantly impact the health and productivity of poultry  
(Murugesan et al., 2015). Mycotoxins-contaminated feed  
induces severe adverse effects in affected animals  
including poultry. Birds with mycotoxicosis show reduced  
feed intake, feed conversion rate (FCR) and productivity,  
To cite this paper: El Nabarawy AM , Madian K, Shaheed IB and Abd El-Ghany WA (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for Controlling Mycotoxicosis in  
Broiler Chickens. J. World Poult. Res., 10 (2S): 223-234. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.28  
223  
El Nabarawy et al., 2020  
Moreover, citric acid supplementation can be used as an  
naturally contaminated ration was employed to induce  
mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens.  
additive to degrade aflatoxins in the ration as well as to  
promote growth performance in young broiler chickens  
(Salgado-Tránsito et al., 2011). Cultures containing  
Bacillus subtilis are widely used in the poultry field and  
showed great efficacy in improving health, performance  
and immune response of broiler chickens (Bai et al., 2017;  
Yang et al., 2019). The detoxifying effect of antioxidants  
such as vitamins E and C on some mycotoxins have been  
studied (Rizzo et al., 1994; Hoehler and Marquardt, 1996;  
Strasser et al., 2013). It has been found that selenium  
reduces in vitro toxic effects of T-2 toxin on cultured  
chicken embryonic chondrocytes (Lin et al., 1994). Some  
herbal extracts as thymol enhance performance parameters  
and immunological response to some viral diseases when  
used to counteract aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens  
(Manafi et al., 2014). Carvacrol was also effective in  
ameliorating aflatoxin-induced changes with regard to  
oxidative stress in broilers (Sridhar et al., 2016). Also,  
degradation of mycotoxins in contaminated diets using  
formaldehyde has been reported (Scott, 1998).  
Aflatoxin is the extremely toxic type of mycotoxins  
which is responsible for the carcinogenicity in humans  
(Anklam et al., 2002; Talebi et al., 2011; Bbosa et al.,  
2013). According to the International Agency for Research  
on Cancer (IARC, 2012), aflatoxins belong to group 1 that  
are carcinogenic for humans. It was recorded that  
aflatoxins residues were mainly found in the liver and  
muscle tissues of chickens rather than any organs  
(Herzallah, 2013; Darwish et al., 2016; Faten et al., 2016).  
This highlights the importance of monitoring aflatoxins in  
processed broilers.  
Antimycotoxin compounds  
Biological compound  
This compound consists of a group of organic acids  
including citric, phosphoric, malic, tartaric, aspartic and  
lactic acid, enzymes as well as dried B. Subtilis  
fermentation extract. It was added as 0.5 ml/L of drinking  
water continually for 5 days during the treatment period (3  
weeks).  
Immunostimulant compound  
Immunostimulant compound contained a group of  
plant extracts as cat’s claw (Uncarcia tomentosa), thymol  
and carvacrol (Origanum vulgare), in addition to betaine  
HCL, organic selenomethionine, and mono propylene  
glycol. It was given in a dose of 0.5 ml/Liter of drinking  
water continually for 5 days during the treatment period (3  
weeks).  
Antioxidants compound  
A mixture of vitamin E as well as selenium and  
vitamin C were added respectively as 1 ml and 1 gm /liter  
of drinking water continually for 5 days during the  
treatment period (3 weeks).  
Formalin fumigation (Chemical type)  
Mycotoxins-contaminated ration was fumigated with  
10% formaldehyde vapor in a tightly sealed container for  
12 hours (to avoid escaping of the fumes) and aerated after  
that for 48 hours before usage. Fumigated ration was  
replaced mycotoxicated ration of 18 days old chicks.  
Chicks and experimental design  
Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate and  
compare the ability of different antimycotoxin agents to  
A total of 180, day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were  
obtained from commercial hatcheries, weighed and  
counteract  
mycotoxicosis  
induced  
by naturally  
randomly divided in  
a
completely randomized  
contaminated diet in broilers.  
experimental design with 6 treatments and 2 replications  
of 15 chicks in each. Each replicate group was housed in  
separate conventional thoroughly cleaned and disinfected  
deep litter pens for 5 weeks. Feed and water were provided  
ad libitum. Ration was prepared to meet the nutrient  
requirements of commercial broilers during the starter (1-3  
weeks), grower (3-4 weeks) and finisher (4-5 weeks)  
periods according to NRC (1994). All chickens were  
vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious  
bursal disease (IBD) viruses at the 5th, 12th and 19th day  
old through eye drop instillation method. The ration was  
screened for different mycotoxins natural contamination.  
Group 1 was kept as control negative (non mycotoxicated  
or treated), while birds in group 2 were kept as control  
positive (mycotoxicated only) as they fed ration  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Ethical approval  
The experiments were in accordance with the  
guidelines laid out by the Ethics Committee of  
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Vet. CU.  
IACUC number (10102019093).  
Contaminated diet  
Commercial rations specified for broiler chickens  
were used and analyzed for the levels of contamination  
with different mycotoxins including aflatoxin, ochratoxin,  
and zearalenone (AOAC, 1995; FAO, 2003). This  
224  
J. World Poult. Res., 10(2S): 223-234, 2020  
contaminated with 11 ppb aflatoxins, 3.9 ppb ochratoxins,  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
and 4.2 ppm zearalenone. Groups 3-6 were mycotoxicated  
till appearance of suggestive symptom and post-mortem  
lesions to mycotoxicosis at 18 days old. Birds were fed on  
rations containing the previous toxins and treated with  
Clinical signs of control positive groups revealed  
constants, whitish diarrhea, and passage of undigested feed  
particle and un-uniform growth patterns that were  
observed from the 2nd week of age. Remarkable  
improvement in the aforementioned signs was observed in  
different treated groups. No mortality was observed along  
the experimental period.  
Post-mortem lesions of the sacrificed chickens in  
mycotoxicated groups showed muscular hemorrhages  
(Figure 1), pale yellow and friable liver as well as  
hydropericardium (Figure 2), pale, enlarged and lobulated  
kidneys as well as atrophy of bursa of Fabricius.  
different  
antimycotoxins  
in  
water.  
Biological,  
antioxidants, immunostimulant compounds were given in  
water for groups 3-5; respectively while formaldehyde  
fumigated ration was given for group 6.  
Studied parameters  
Health condition  
Birds were kept under observation for 5 weeks for  
detection of clinical signs, mortalities, and post-mortem  
gross lesions in all groups.  
Performance  
Initial chick’s body weight at day of arrival, as well  
as weekly cumulative body weight, feed consumption and  
FCR were calculated for all groups as criteria for bird’s  
performance evaluation.  
Immunological profile  
Blood samples were collected from the wing vein of  
10 birds/group on a weekly basis. The blood was  
centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min for serum separation  
and stored at -20ºC for subsequent immunological  
assessment. The antibodies titers against IBD virus  
vaccine  
were  
measured  
using  
Enzyme-Linked  
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit (Biochick Veterinary  
Diagnostic Hounslow, Holland).  
Histopathological examination  
Specimens from liver, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius  
were collected, preserved in 10% formol saline solution,  
processed using conventional methods and stained by  
Haematoxaline and Eosin (H&E) (Bancroft et al., 1996)  
for microscopical histopathological examination.  
Determination of aflatoxins tissues residues  
Twenty grams of representative samples (muscles  
and liver were thoroughly ground, mixed with extraction  
solvent (70%) methanol, blended in a steeled blinder for 2-  
3 minutes and then filtrated through Whatman # 1 filter  
paper. Total aflatoxins in different tissues expressed in  
nanogram/gram (ng/gm) were estimated using ELISA  
intended for quantitative detection of mycotoxins (Kensler  
et al., 2003).  
Statistical analysis  
The data were statistically analyzed using the general  
linear model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System  
(SAS) software. Overall data were analyzed using one way  
ANOVA test at a significant level of p ≤ 0.05.  
Figure 1. Pitcheal and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the  
thigh (left) and breast muscles of chicken fed with  
mycotoxin-contaminated ration.  
225  
El Nabarawy et al., 2020  
Figure 2. Pale yellow liver with sub-capsular hemorrhages (left) and hydro-pericardium (right) in chicken fed with mycotoxin-  
contaminated ration.  
Table 1. Performance parameters in chicken groups fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with different methods  
Weeks post treatment  
1st week  
Body weight (g)  
2nd week  
3rd week  
Body weight (g)  
Groups  
FCR  
Body weight (g)  
FCR  
FCR  
1
2
3
687±109.9a  
601±133.5b  
741±114.1ad  
1.01  
1.19  
0.83  
11.4±180.7a  
868±153.9b  
1183±145.6ac  
1.19  
1.38  
0.99  
1740±219.5a  
1140±180.7b  
1690±172.8a  
0.80  
1.22  
0.82  
4
5
6
796±98.9cdf  
659±95.7ae  
757±85.7aef  
0.82  
0.95  
0.83  
1240±175.5ac  
1105±186.5a  
1300±109.9c  
0.84  
0.95  
0.81  
1815±272.8a  
1735±361.3a  
1565±246.1a  
0.77  
0.80  
0.89  
Group 1: Control negative (non mycotoxicated and treated). Group 2: Control positive (contaminated ration with 11ppb aflatoxins, 3.9 ppb ochratoxins, and  
4.2 ppm zearalenone). Group 3: Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated with a biological compound. Group 4: Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated with an  
antioxidant compound. Group 5: Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated with an immunostimulant compound. Group 6: Mycotoxin contaminated ration  
fumigated with formaldehyde. There is a significant difference (p≤0.05) between any two means within the same column have a different superscript letter.  
Figure 3. Normal appearance of livers in chicken fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with antioxidants  
226  
Different types of important mycotoxins can induce  
damage to cell membranes by increasing lipid  
peroxidation. Thus, the supplementation of antioxidants to  
mycotoxicated poultry diet helps to maintain the  
antioxidant defense mechanism and subsequently  
increases the poultry production (Fouad et al., 2019). It  
was recorded that vitamin E prevented the genotoxicity of  
zearalenone which may be due to the structural similarity  
between vitamin E and zearalenone (Ghe´dira et al., 1998).  
The effect of selenium as an antioxidant to reduce  
the negative effects of mycotoxins was also studied.  
Selenium can inhibit aflatoxin-DNA binding and adduct  
formation (Shi et al., 1994). It was found that a mixture of  
selenium and some vitamins like E and C showed  
antioxidant effects and can protect organs against damage  
caused by T2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (Atroshi et al.,  
1995).  
Figure 4. Normal liver of chicken fed with mycotoxin-  
contaminated ration and treated with biological compound  
(right) compared with pale and friable liver of chicken fed  
with mycotoxin-contaminated and formaldehyde-fumigated  
ration (left).  
The organic acids present in the used biological  
compounds also affect the negative one produced by  
mycotoxins as they improve the growth performance;  
since acidification increases gastric proteolysis and  
protein/amino acid digestibility by enhancing digestive  
enzyme activities (Langhout, 2000).  
A
biological  
compound containing organic acids, enzymes, and yeast  
extract proved its efficacy in counteracting the adverse  
effects of aflatoxins on health, performance, and immunity  
of broiler chicks (Shareef and Omar, 2012). In laying  
chickens, B. subtilis improved laying performance,  
delayed the appearance and concentration of aflatoxin in  
eggs and also healed zearalenone toxicity in prepubertal  
gilts when fed diets including zearalenone (Jia et al.,  
2016). Therefore, B. subtilis, as a new biological agent has  
promising potential in counteracting mycotoxicosis.  
Addition of some essential oils of herbs also proved an  
efficacy as an immune-stimulant to counteract the toxic  
effect of mycotoxins proved efficacy. Ethanolic extract of  
Thymus vulgaris effectively restored the adverse of  
aflatoxins in broilers (Manafi et al., 2014).  
Some chemicals, such as formaldehyde and urea, can  
reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxin through  
destructing or modifying toxins (Shantha et al., 1986).  
Chemical treatment has been used as an effective means  
for the removal of mycotoxins from contaminated  
commodities. Chemical detoxifiers inactivate the toxin by  
modifying its structure molecule to form a less toxic  
derivative (Samarajeewa et al., 1990). Many common  
chemicals have been brought to test the effectiveness in  
detoxification of aflatoxin; one of them is formaldehyde  
(Suttajit, 1998). The efficiency of chemical detoxification  
methods of mycotoxins is based on reduction of the toxin  
Figure 5. Hemorrhages on muscles of chicken fed with  
mycotoxin-contaminated and formaldehyde-fumigated diet  
Treated groups reflected a pronounced improvement  
of the previous lesions in different organs (Figures 3 and  
4), while such improvement was not remarkable in birds  
treated with fumigated ration (Figures 4 and 5).  
Table  
1
shows significant poor performance  
parameters (body weights and FCR) of control positive  
mycotoxicated group compared with the control negative  
one. However, application of different water formulas  
compounds significantly (p ≤0.05) improved performance  
parameters along the course of treatments (3 weeks post-  
intoxication). There is no significant difference among  
different compounds. Antioxidant treatment of chicks  
significantly (p ≤0.05) improved the performance than  
formaldehyde, while formaldehyde-treated ration showed  
the weakest effect of improvement compared with other  
treatments.  
To cite this paper: El Nabarawy AM , Madian K, Shaheed IB and Abd El-Ghany WA (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for Controlling Mycotoxicosis in  
Broiler Chickens. J. World Poult. Res., 10 (2S): 223-234. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.28  
227  
El Nabarawy et al., 2020  
in the feed and then has been verified by biological assay  
bursa of Fabricius (Figure 8E) without any pathological  
changes.  
Results presented in Table 2 show the effects of  
involving animal model as broiler chicks. Formaldehyde  
1% proved its efficacy as a detoxify agent against  
aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in the feed at a laboratory scale  
(in vitro) as well as in broiler chickens (in vivo)  
(Lakshmirajam et al., 1984; Anwaar et al., 1998 and  
1999). The mechanism by which formaldehyde exerts its  
detoxifying effect on ochratoxins cannot be stated on the  
basis of the present study and is still obscure, but it can be  
speculated that chemical non-toxic complexes with  
ochratoxins could have been formed as well as ochratoxin  
molecule possesses both an amide bond and lactone group  
of ochratoxins molecule, these sites can be attacked during  
chemical treatment leading to hydrolysis or oxidize the  
amide bond or lactone group and thereby reduce its  
toxicity (Jemmali, 1989).  
mycotoxins alone and combined with various agents used  
to alleviate its toxic effects on antibody response of broiler  
chickens to the IBDV vaccine measured by ELISA. The  
results showed that ELISA antibody titers of IBDV  
vaccine were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the group  
of broiler chicks consuming mycotoxins alone in the diet  
and immunized with IBDV vaccine at 7, 14, and 21 days  
post-vaccination as compared with the control negative  
birds. A significant increase (p<0.05) in ELISA antibody  
titers was observed in broiler chickens suffering from  
mycotoxicosis and supplemented with antioxidant,  
biological antimycotoxins, immune-stimulant, and  
formaldehyde-fumigated diet, respectively, indicating an  
The histopathological results here are listed in  
Figures (6-8). Microscopical examination of the control  
positive mycotoxicated group revealed hepatocyte  
vacuolation of the most cells with cloudy cytoplasm as a  
result of hydropic degeneration (Figure 6A). The kidneys  
showed granulation of few numbers of the epithelial lining  
the tubules (Figure 7A). The bursa of Fabricius showed  
atrophy of follicles with moderate edema dispersed the  
follicles from each other and the germinal center of the  
follicles showed depletion (Figure 8A). Histopathological  
changes here may be typical to other literature especially  
those concerning aflatoxicosis (Balachandran and  
Ramakrishnan, 1987). Group fed on mycotoxin fumigated  
ration, no histopathological changes could be detected in  
the liver (Figure 6B) and kidneys (Figure 7B). Meanwhile,  
the bursa of Fabricius appeared atrophied with vacuolation  
of the follicles, severe depletion of lymphoid follicles and  
fibrosis in the interstitial tissues (Figure 8B). Birds treated  
with a biological compound showed no pathological  
alterations in the liver (Figure 6C) and kidneys (Figure  
7C). Bursa of Fabricius showed normal appearance  
(Figure 8C). Group treated with immune-stimulant showed  
normal appearance of the liver (Figure 6D) and kidneys  
(Figure 7D) without any pathological changes. Similarly,  
it was observed that carvacrol supplementation (1.0 and  
0.5%) was efficient in preventing and reducing liver  
damage and the severity and degree of lesions resulting  
from aflatoxin toxicity in chickens. Whereas the bursa of  
Fabricius showed atrophy of the follicles, depletion of  
germinal centers, increasing of fibrous connective tissue  
and multiple cyst formation in epithelial lining (Figure  
8D). Chickens treated with antioxidants revealed normal  
appearance of liver (Figure 6E), kidney (Figure 7E) and  
improvement  
in humoral immune response when  
compared with those in myc otoxicated group without  
treatment.  
Obtained results herein indicated suppression of  
humoral immune response in the broiler chickens with  
mycotoxicosis which attributed to histopathological  
alteration recorded in this study in the bursa of Fabricius  
which showed atrophy of bursal follicles, moderate edema  
with germinal center of the follicles showed severe  
depletion this result is consistent with previous reports of  
(Karman et al., 2005) who stated that mycotoxins cause  
aplasia of bursa, thymus and spleen and this finding  
resulting in a serious deficiency in both humoral and  
cellular immune response. Also, Yunus et al. (2008) and  
(2009) reported on the higher correlation between  
Newcastle disease and mycotoxins as a result of the  
immune-suppressive nature of mycotoxins.  
Hanif and Muhammad (2015) noticed an  
improvement in the humeral immune response of birds  
against ND and IBD vaccines titers association with  
supplementation of mycotoxin deactivator’s mannan  
oligosaccharides,  
aluminosilicate,  
Moohaghegh et al. (2017) evaluated the glucomannan on  
performance and immunity and they indicated that the  
negative effect mycotoxin on humoral immunity of  
chickens and liver enzymes activity was ameliorated by  
supplementing esterified glucomannan. Sawsan (2018)  
found that treatment of broiler fed on mycotoxin with  
antimycotoxin compound formulated of L-form bacteria  
and organic acids in drinking water increase IBDV  
antibody titers of mycotoxicated chicks at the third weeks  
of the experimental period.  
hydrated  
sodium  
calcium  
and Lactobacillus  
acidophilus.  
228  
J. World Poult. Res., 10(2S): 223-234, 2020  
The notable improvement in the ELISA antibody  
enzymes activities, as well as delayed oxidation of lipids.  
Limaye et al (2018) Stated that selenium possessed an  
effective antioxidant activity by preventing oxidative liver  
damage and improving immune status. Awaad et al.  
(2011) found that the treatment of intoxicated chicks with  
L form bacteria in drinking water significantly increased  
the IBD antibodies titers.  
titers against IBD vaccine due to the supplementation of  
different antimycotoxin compounds was reported by  
Hashemipour et al. (2013) who stated that feed  
supplementation of broiler chickens with thymol and  
carvacrol improved the immune response and  
performance, increased antioxidant activities and digestive  
Figure 6. A: Liver of control positive group showing hydropic degeneration in most of hepatocytes (H&E X100). B: Liver of  
birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated and formaldehyde-fumigated ration showing normal appearance (H&E X100). C:  
Liver of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with biological compound showing normal appearance  
(H&E X100). D: Liver of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with immunostimulant compound  
showing normal appearance (H&E X100). E: Liver of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with  
antioxidants compound showing normal appearance (H&E X100).  
229  
Figure 7. A: Kidney of control positive group showing granulation of few numbers of the epithelial lining the tubules (H&E 200). B: Kidney of birds fed with  
mycotoxin-contaminated and formaldehyde-fumigated ration showing normal appearance (H&E X100). C: Kidney of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration  
and treated with biological compound showing normal appearance (H&E X100).D: Kidney of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with  
immunostimulant compound showing normal appearance (H&E X100). E: Kidney of birds fed with mycotoxin contaminated ration and treated with antioxidants  
compound showing normal appearance (H&E X100).  
To cite this paper: El Nabarawy AM , Madian K, Shaheed IB and Abd El-Ghany WA (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for Controlling Mycotoxicosis in Broiler Chickens. J. World Poult. Res., 10 (2S): 223-  
234. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.28  
230  
Figure 8. A: Bursa of Fabricius of control positive group showing atrophy of follicles with moderated edema and depletion of  
germinal center (H&E 400). B: Bursa of Fabricius of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated and formaldehyde-fumigated ration  
showing atrophy with vacuolation of the follicles; severe depletion of lymphoid follicles and fibrosis in the interstitial tissues (H&E 100). C:  
Bursa of Fabricius of birds fed with mycotoxin-contaminated ration and treated with biological compound showing normal appearance  
(H&E 100). D: Bursa of Fabricius of birds fed with mycotoxin contaminated ration and treated with immunostimulant compound showing  
atrophy, depletion, and fibrosis. Notice the multiple cysts in the epithelial lining (H&E 100). E: Bursa of Fabricius of birds fed with  
mycotoxin contaminated ration and treated with antioxidants compound showing normal appearance (H&E X100).  
Table 2. Effect of different antimycotoxicosis on log10 titer and ELISA antibody titers against IBDV vaccine in  
Days post vaccination  
7
14  
21  
Groups  
log10 titer  
3.03±0.16a  
2.30±0.17b  
2.61±0.21c  
3.09±0.08a  
2.51±0.30c  
2.39±0.21c  
ELISA titer  
1127.73±416.56a  
211.19±75.74b  
448.77±213.06c  
1251.78±224.81a  
391.98±270.56c  
270.51±129.64c  
log10 titer  
3.95±0.11a  
2.66±0.52b  
3.25±0.34cd  
4.00±0.03a  
3.65±0.09ad  
3.09±0.36c  
ELISA titer  
log10 titer  
4.05±0.05a  
3.79±0.23b  
4.01±0.13ac  
4.05±0.06a  
4.03±0.05a  
3.98±0.08ac  
ELISA titer  
1
2
3
4
5
6
9181.76±2235.37a  
801.32±902.12b  
11194.44±1252.93a  
6884.28±3524.59b  
10622.81±2822.07ac  
11335.03±1573.27a  
10717.87±1211.42a  
9659.75±1728.36c  
2224.47±1561.83cd  
9996.10±625.46a  
4574.52±940.00ad  
1664.73±1666.36c  
mycotoxicated broiler chickens at 7, 14 and 21 days post-vaccination. Group (1): Control negative (non mycotoxicated and treated) Group (2): Control  
positive (contaminated ration with 11ppb aflatoxins, 3.9 ppb ochratoxins, and 4.2 ppm zearalenone). Group (3): Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated with a  
biological compound. Group (4): Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated with an antioxidant compound. Group (5): Mycotoxin contaminated ration treated  
with an immunostimulant compound. Group (6): Mycotoxin contaminated ration fumigated with formaldehyde.There is a significant difference (p≤0.05)  
between any two means within the same column have a different superscript letter.  
To cite this paper: El Nabarawy AM , Madian K, Shaheed IB and Abd El-Ghany WA (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for Controlling Mycotoxicosis in  
Broiler Chickens. J. World Poult. Res., 10 (2S): 223-234. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.28  
231  
El Nabarawy et al., 2020  
Table 3 reveals the results of total aflatoxin residues  
suppressive carcinogen of veterinary and public health  
in the muscles and liver in different groups using ELISA.  
The highest concentration of aflatoxins in the muscles was  
seen in the positive control group, while the lowest one  
was detected in chickens treated with antioxidant.  
Aflatoxin concentration in the liver tissues showed its  
highest level in immune-stimulant treated group and  
lowest level in that treated with biological compound.  
Variable frequency of aflatoxin B1 contamination was  
demonstrated in liver of chickens where ~50% of samples  
were positive with 3.2 μg/kg maximum mean level in  
chicken liver samples (Rodríguez-Amaya and Sabino,  
2002).  
concern”.  
Authors' contributions  
Anwaar M. El-Nabarawy planned the experimental  
design and contributed to the experimental work, data  
collection, writing and revision of the manuscript. K.  
Madian helped in the experimental work and writing of the  
manuscript. Iman B. Shaheed was concerned with the  
histopathological section of the manuscript. Wafaa A. Abd  
El-Ghany contributed to the experimental work and  
contributed to data collection, writing and revision of the  
manuscript.  
Competing interests  
The authors have no conflict of interest.  
Table 3. Determination of aflatoxin residues using ELISA  
in broiler muscles and liver tissue samples  
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