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Volume 15 (4); December 2025
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Research Paper
Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Roasted Full-Fat Soybean on Egg Production and Quality, Hematological Parameters, and Cholesterol Level in Layer Chickens
Yimer Y, Tegegne F, and Demeke S.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 418-426, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500040-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.40
ABSTRACT: The scarcity and high costs of poultry feed ingredients, such as soybean meal (SBM), present significant challenges for modern poultry production systems in Ethiopia. To explore potential alternatives, this study evaluated the effects of varying inclusion levels of roasted full-fat soybean (FFSB) in layer diets on productive performance, egg quality traits, and selected blood parameters. A 12-week feeding trial was conducted using 120 Bovans Brown hens aged 34-46 weeks, with an average initial body weight of 1.44 ± 0.01 kg. The hens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% FFSB), each replicated three times with eight hens per replicate. The control diet contained 20% SBM for comparison. The results showed that hens in the control group exhibited significantly higher hen-day egg production (89.72%), egg mass (54.28 g/hen/day), and body weight gain (314 g) compared with those fed diets containing different inclusion levels of FFSB. However, no significant differences in egg production were observed among the groups fed diets containing different inclusion levels (10-25%) of FFSB. The group fed 10% FFSB exhibited a higher egg mass (38.44 g/hen/day) than those receiving 15% and 25% inclusion levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased with higher levels of FFSB inclusion, with the 25% FFSB group showing a significantly higher FCR (3.37) compared to the control group (2.06). Full-fat soybean inclusion had no significant influence on most egg quality traits, nor on hematological indices or serum cholesterol levels. The findings indicated that FFSB inclusion in layer feeds at levels up to 25% did not compromise egg quality or hen health. Although higher FFSB inclusion lowered feed costs, reduced egg production offset these savings, making full substitution of SBM economically unprofitable.
Keywords: Diet, Egg production, Egg quality, Full-fat soybean, Inclusion level, Layer
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Research Paper
Molecular Identification and Genetic Diversity of Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolated from Chickens with Infectious Coryza in Bogor, Indonesia
Karunia N, Kurnia RS, Nugroho CMH, Putra MA, Indrawati A, and Safika.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 427-437, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500041-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.41
ABSTRACT: Infectious coryza, a respiratory disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum), poses a major threat to poultry health and productivity, particularly in tropical countries such as Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate, molecularly identify, and characterize the genetic diversity of A. paragallinarum from chickens exhibiting clinical symptoms of coryza. A total of 60 infraorbital sinus swab samples were aseptically collected from commercial layer and broiler chickens in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The method consists of phenotypic identification (culture on Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide [NAD], Gram staining, and biochemical tests) and molecular confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) HPG-2, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Eight field isolates were successfully cultured on NAD-supplemented blood agar, Gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-negative. Molecular confirmation was conducted using species-specific HPG-2, with all isolates amplifying the expected 500 bp product. The evaluation of genetic diversity was conducted through ERIC-PCR, which identified five unique clusters among the isolates, demonstrating considerable genomic variation. Furthermore, partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified and analyzed through phylogenetic tree construction and BLAST comparison. Sequence analysis revealed 95.7–99.2% homology with reference A. paragallinarum strains in GenBank, and 96.5–99.2% homology among the study isolates themselves. The phylogenetic tree highlighted a close relationship among the local isolates, yet also indicated a distinct genetic lineage from several international reference strains, suggesting possible regional specificity. This study provided the first detailed genetic characterization of A. paragallinarum field isolates in Indonesia using 16S rRNA sequencing. These findings highlighted the need for continuous molecular surveillance to guide accurate diagnosis.
Keywords: 16S rRNA sequencing, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Field isolate, Molecular identification
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Research Paper
Impacts of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Supplementation on Longevity, Egg Quality, and Immunity in Laying Hens
Yan BXZ, Zhang X, and Shahbaz R.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 438-445, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500042-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.42
ABSTRACT: The productivity and health of laying hens are major challenges for the global poultry industry, especially as flocks age and egg production declines. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl), a bioavailable precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), on longevity, egg quality, and immune performance in laying hens. A total of 180 Hy-Line Brown hens, 24-week-old, were randomly assigned to three dietary groups for 24 weeks, including a control group receiving standard layer feed, a low-dose NRCl group receiving 25 mg NR/kg feed, and a high-dose NRCl group receiving 50 mg NR/kg feed. The present study assessed survival rate, daily egg production, egg weight, shell strength, yolk nutrient composition, and immune parameters, including white blood cell (WBC) count, immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG), and cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ). The present findings indicated that supplementation with NRCl significantly increased the survival rate, resulting in 100% survival in the high-dose group compared to 93.3% in the control group. Egg production and feed conversion ratio were also enhanced in NRCl groups, indicating improved physiological resilience. The NRCl groups demonstrated significant improvements in egg quality, including stronger, thicker shells and enhanced nutritional content such as higher yolk protein, vitamin D3, and omega-3 fatty acid levels. Furthermore, immune markers were markedly elevated, reflecting enhanced immune modulation and potential disease resistance. The NRCl supplementation effectively supported metabolic efficiency, immune competence, and egg quality in laying hens. The current findings highlighted the potential of NAD⁺ precursor supplementation as a nutritional strategy to prolong the productive lifespan of commercial layers while promoting sustainable poultry production.
Keywords: Egg quality, Immune response, Laying hens, Longevity, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide supplementation, Poultry feed
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Research Paper
Analysis of Poultry Product Market Integration at the Producer, Wholesaler, and Retail Levels in Jambi Province, Indonesia
Firmansyah, Hoesni F, Harahap A, and Gusri L.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 446-459, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500043-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.43
ABSTRACT: Price increases in poultry products remain inevitable, with a significant price disparity persisting between consumer and producer levels. This condition results from an unhealthy oligopolistic livestock market, leading to low purchase prices for farmers. The present study aimed to analyze market integration at the producer, wholesale, and retail levels for poultry products (chicken meat and eggs) and to develop a price-forecasting model for these products at the producer, wholesale, and retail levels for the future. A quantitative approach was used to analyze secondary data on average weekly prices for chicken meat and eggs at producer, wholesale, and retail levels in Jambi Province, Indonesia. The present data were obtained from the Center for Strategic Food Price Information from January 2020 to July 2023. The present results indicated a long-term cointegration relationship among chicken meat and egg prices at producer, wholesale, and retail levels in Jambi Province, Indonesia. The prices of chicken meat and eggs at the producer, wholesale, and retail levels influence each other not only in the current period but also concerning prices over the previous 2-6 weeks. Wholesale and retail chicken prices affect producer prices, and retail prices affect wholesale prices. For eggs, wholesale prices affect producer prices, and retail prices also affect producer and wholesale prices. The Vector Error Correction forecasting model for chicken and egg prices at producer, wholesale, and retail levels in Jambi Province demonstrated strong forecasting performance. Market integration occurs across different market levels, producer, wholesale, and retail, for chicken meat and eggs, both in the short and long term. This integration contributed to improving the efficiency of poultry marketing in Jambi Province, Indonesia.
Keywords: Market integration, Producer, Retail, Wholesaler
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Research Paper
Effects of Replacing Duckweed with Red Corn Meal and Rice Bran on Growth Performance of Local Chicken in Semi-Confined and Confined Systems
Phiny C, Lida S, Saravuth T, Putheasath S, Sokphin L, and Phou P.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 460-468, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500044-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.44
ABSTRACT: Incorporating duckweed into poultry diets can improve feed efficiency and growth rate. However, its effectiveness as a replacement for traditional feeds such as red corn meal or rice bran remains less explored. The present study aimed to evaluate the feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in local chickens reared under confined and semi-confined systems. The experiment was conducted at the campus of Svay Rieng University, Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia, from June to August 2024. The present study consisted of two factors. The first factor was the rearing system, including semi-confined and confined systems, and the second factor was the diet, with four treatments. A total of 120 local chickens, 35 days old, with an average initial body weight of 300 grams, were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial layout using a completely randomized design within eight treatments and three replications. The first group included 5% duckweed, 22% commercial feed, 20% red corn meal, 52.5% rice bran, and 0.5% premix/salt (T1). The second group consisted of 10% duckweed, 19% commercial feed, 20% red corn meal, 50.5% rice bran, and 0.5% premix/salt (T2). The third group had 15% duckweed, 16% commercial feed, 20% red corn meal, 48.5% rice bran, and 0.5% premix/salt (T3), and the fourth group included 20% duckweed, 13% commercial feed, 20% red corn meal, 46.5% rice bran, and 0.5% premix/salt (T4). There were no significant interactions between four diets and two raising systems for feed intake, ADG, and FCR in the chickens, except for the crude fiber intake. However, significant differences were observed in T1 and T2 compared to T4 regarding feed intake and ADG, with a tendency toward improved FCR for chickens fed T3 compared to T4 and those raised under the confined system. The growth performance in chickens raised under the confined system was higher than that of chickens raised under the semi-confined system. The present results indicated that using duckweed at 15% mixed with other ingredients led to higher feed intake, higher ADG, and improved FCR, even when chickens were raised in a confined or semi-confined system.
Keywords: Commercial feed, Confined system, Duckweed, Performance, Red corn
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Research Paper
Evaluation of Body Weight and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Encapsulated Morinda citrifolia L. Extract, Zinc, and Copper
Baetavianti LN, Yunianto VD, Mulyono, and Krismiyanto L.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 469-477, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500045-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.45
ABSTRACT: The broiler poultry sector is strategically important, serving as a major contributor to animal protein supply and an essential component of national food security. The present study aimed to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of encapsulated noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) extract (ENFE) enriched with zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on intestinal health and body weight in broiler chickens. A total of 200 eight-day-old broiler chickens, with an initial weight of 233.69 ± 7.28 grams, were assigned to four treatments using a completely randomized design, with five replications per treatment. The treatment groups included a control group with a basal diet (T0), a basal diet with 0.06% ENFE, Zn at 40 ppm and Cu at 5 ppm (T1), a basal diet with 0.12% ENFE, Zn at 40 ppm and Cu at 5 ppm (T2), and a basal diet with 0.18% (T3) ENFE, Zn at 40 ppm and Cu at 5 ppm (T3). The body weight gain (BWG), counts of total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliform bacteria, pH value, villus height, crypt depth, relative length, and weight of each segment of the small intestine were assessed. The current results indicated that chickens in 0.12% (T2) and 0.18% (T3) significantly enhanced BWG, LAB populations, villus height, crypt depth, and length, and relative weight of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Additionally, reduced duodenal and ileal pH, as well as coliform counts across all intestinal segments, were observed in 0.12% (T2) and 0.18% (T3). However, ENFE supplemented with Zn and Cu did not significantly affect jejunal pH. Administering ENFE at 0.12% supplemented with Zn and Cu represented the most optimal dose. Although the higher dose of 0.18% (T3) yielded statistically comparable results and was superior in some parameters, the 0.12% (T2) inclusion level is recommended as the most practical dose for enhancing BWG and intestinal health in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Body weight gain, Broiler chicken, Encapsulation, Intestinal morphology, Morinda citrifolia
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Poultry Production in Afghanistan: Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects |
Review
Poultry Production in Afghanistan: Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Aminullah N, Azizi MN, Bawer MD, Mahaq O, and Ahmadi M.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 478-489, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500046-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.46
ABSTRACT: The demand for poultry products is steadily increasing globally as well as in Afghanistan, driven primarily by human population growth, economic development, and urbanisation. A clear understanding of Afghanistan’s poultry sector is crucial for policy direction towards food security and rural development. The present study aimed to evaluate the current status of poultry farming and highlight the key challenges and future view of poultry production in Afghanistan. The study was synthesized from the available literature, government reports, and international datasets to provide a coherent overview of Afghanistan's poultry sector. Particular attention was given to identifying data inconsistencies and research gaps to guide evidence-based policies. The trend of investment in Afghanistan's poultry sector increased from 0.5 billion AFN (71.42 million USD) in 1986 to 200 billion AFN (2.85 billion USD) in 2022. Currently, a total of approximately 11,000 commercial poultry farms are operating across the country, which can produce about 219,000 metric tons (MT) of meat, while the total market demand is estimated as 295,000 MT in 2024. The available poultry meat in Afghanistan covers only approximately 46% of the World Health Organization's recommended rate per capita. However, the sector development is hindered by different factors such as traditional practices, poor infrastructure, lack of technical expertise, disease outbreaks, uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents, poor input quality, and end-product price variation. The poultry sector's average annual growth rate in Afghanistan is estimated as 13.8%, and the future production capacity is projected to reach 400,332 MT by 2030. Poultry production in Afghanistan is gradually increasing, driven by growing market demand. However, the current production level still cannot meet the market demands in the country. The present findings contribute to a clearer understanding of poultry development priorities for national food security and sustainable growth in Afghanistan.
Keywords: Chicken, Market, Meat, Poultry production
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Systematic Review
The Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things in Ventilation Systems of Closed Houses in Broiler Chicken Farms of Indonesia: A Literature Review
Maulana MI and Asmara IY.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 490-502, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500047-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.47
ABSTRACT: The closed house system has been widely adopted in Indonesia due to its ability to control the microclimate; however, its implementation still faces several challenges, including high investment costs, limited monitoring, and maintenance management that is not yet adaptive. This literature review aimed to analyse the design of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) integration in the automatic ventilation control system of broiler chicken closed houses in Indonesia. The method employed is a systematic review of relevant international and national articles. The literature review followed PRISMA guidelines, identifying 28,827 publications on AI and IoT, filtered to 636 studies on poultry and 335 studies on AI–IoT-based monitoring systems. Ultimately, 98 articles met the inclusion criteria, including 20 studies specifically focused on studies in Indonesia. The findings indicated that AI–IoT integration has the potential to improve energy efficiency, optimize the microclimate, such as temperature, humidity, velocity, and support broiler chicken welfare through data-driven monitoring and automated decision-making systems. Nevertheless, the adoption of this technology continues to face challenges such as high initial costs, limited energy and internet infrastructure, and the digital skills gap among farmers.
Keywords: Adaptive ventilation, Energy-efficient, Microclimate, Poultry production, Smart farming, Tropical climate
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Short Communication
Impacts of Restricting Ribonucleotide Reductase on Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens Evaluated by Evans Blue Dye
Shakeri M, Rafieian-Naeini HR, and Khanaki H.
J. World Poult. Res. 15(4): 503-507, 2025; pii: S2322455X2500048-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.48
ABSTRACT: Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme is essential for DNA synthesis and overall cellular health. Its inhibition interferes with metabolic pathways and mitochondrial function, leading to increased oxidative damage. Evans blue dye evaluates oxidative damage in tissues by penetrating through ruptured or destabilized membranes, thereby serving as an indicator of cell viability. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of restricting RNR on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health in broiler chickens after intestinal development was mainly completed. Twenty male broiler chickens, aged 14 days and weighing 445 ± 5 grams, were randomly divided into two equal groups: a control group and an experimental group, which received an RNR inhibitor (RR) at 20 mg/kg body weight/day for two weeks. Half of the chickens in both groups (5 broiler/group) were injected with Evans blue dye (EB) on the last day of the study. The oxidative damage was measured at the end of the study. The present results indicated that growth performance and feed intake were unchanged during the study. The RNR enzyme increased meat drip loss and lightness while reducing ultimate pH (pHu) compared to the control group. Evans blue concentration increased in the muscle, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the experimental group compared to the control group. Although RNR inhibition did not affect growth performance, it led to reduced meat quality and increased oxidative damage. These findings were evidenced by elevated drip loss and increased EB concentration in muscle and in all segments of the small intestine. The present results highlighted the essential role of RNR in maintaining meat quality and tissue integrity of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Evans blue dye, Intestine, Meat quality, Ribonucleotide reductase
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
