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Volume 13 (2); June 25, 2023 [Booklet] [Endnote XML for Agris]
Review
Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review
Sadek SAS, Shaapan RM, and Barakat AMA.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 168-179, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300019-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.19
ABSTRACT: Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys. This review aimed to emphasize the prevalence of campylobacteriosis, recent poultry diagnoses, and strict prevention measures. Campylobacter species colonize the intestines of poultry and waterfowl but are generally nonpathogenic in poultry. However, they are the most common bacterial cause of sporadic human enteritis in both developed and developing countries. The main species responsible for campylobacteriosis is Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobacter coli. A number of other Campylobacter species, such as Campylobacter lari, fetus, upsaliensis, and hyointestinalis are rarely associated with campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter hepaticus is the species linked to spotty liver disease in layers and breeder chickens, and it may be the etiological agent of the disease previously known as avian vibrionic hepatitis. The most prevalent infection source for Campylobacter is environmental contamination from poultry droppings. However, some Campylobacter species can be transmitted vertically, either on the surface of eggs or via trans-ovarian transmission in addition to consumption of contaminated feed or water. Due to the non-specific clinical signs such as diarrhea and weight loss, diagnosing campylobacteriosis in poultry requires culture or polymerase chain reaction tests. Little is known about the available vaccine or effective antibiotic treatment due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures play a crucial role in preventing Campylobacter infection in commercial poultry. These measures include decontaminating housing between flocks, preventing the entry of rodents, wild birds, and animals, and eradicating insects. To control campylobacteriosis and reduce infection risks, it is important to implement efficient on-farm biosecurity measures, conduct regular inspections of workers at meat processing plants and poultry farms, and ensure thorough preparation of chicken meat and eggs before consumption. These measures are vital in minimizing the Campylobacter transmission from both broiler and laying chickens, thereby reducing the risk of foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food.
Keywords: Campylobacteriosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Control, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Poultry
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Research Paper
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Broiler Feed Conversion Efficiency and Immune Response against Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine
Engida DT, Tamir B, Ayele M, Waktole H, Wakjira B, Regassa F, Regassa F, and Tufa TB.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 180-190, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300020-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.20
ABSTRACT: The ban on antibiotic growth promoters in livestock feeding has encouraged the utilization of phytogenic feed additives. These phytogenics recently attracted much attention and are generally recognized as residue-free ideal feed additives in animal Production. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of the phytogenic herbs on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and immune responses associated with the infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine in broiler chickens. For this study, 360 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six feeding trials, each with three replicates containing 20 chicks. The control group (T1) was only fed a basal diet alone, while the treatment groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 1% of basil (T2), lemongrass (T3), peppermint (T4), rosemary (T5), and thyme (T6) leaves powder, respectively. Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. All chicks were vaccinated against IBD on days 7 and 19. A serology test was conducted to check the antibody titer against the IBD vaccine. The findings of this study showed that chickens in group T2 had significantly consumed more feed, followed by T1 and T6. During the overall study period, chickens in group T4 had significantly better feed conversion efficiency, followed by T3 and T6. Chickens in groups T5 and T6 showed a more pronounced antibody titer against the IBD vaccine at days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Therefore, these findings indicated that supplementation of basil leaf powder improved feed intake. Moreover, peppermint and lemongrass leaf powder improved the feed conversion ratio. In addition, supplementation of rosemary and thyme enhances the immune status of broiler chickens and could be considered a natural growth promoter feed additive. Therefore, further studies should be done to discover their beneficial effects to use as alternative feed additives in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Body weight, Broiler chicken, Feed conversion, Feed intake, Immune response, Infectious bursa disease
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Research Paper
Suitability of Inguinal and Axillary Sites for Temperature Measurement Using Digital Thermometers: A Comparison with Rectal Thermometry in Broiler Chickens
Abigaba R and Sianangama PC.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 191-198, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300021-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.21
ABSTRACT: Core body temperature is one of the physiological parameters that must be assessed during the monitoring of the thermic and or health status of broiler chickens. In this regard, cloacal thermometry is a standard method used for temperature measurement although it has many drawbacks. This study was conducted to explore the suitability of other anatomical sites for temperature measurement using a digital thermometer. This was a single-factor experiment that considered the anatomical site as the main factor with three levels (treatments), including cloacal (DTtcloacal), axillary (DTtaxillary), and inguinal (DTtinguinal) sites. Out of 84 broiler chickens, a total of 28 chickens were randomly selected for temperature measurement. The temperature was measured for each anatomical site, and the readings were analyzed using appropriate statistics. The cloacal site had the highest mean temperature (41.40 ± 0.17℃), while the lowest mean value was observed for the axillary site (41.12 ± 0.19℃). There was no significant difference between the mean cloacal and inguinal temperatures. The cloacal and inguinal temperature readings were significantly correlated. The results for the cloacal and inguinal temperature measurements revealed a non-significant bias. The agreement interval between these two methods was sufficiently lower than the maximum acceptable difference between the anatomical sites. Both cloacal and inguinal temperature measurements had similar median points. The results indicated an underestimation of the temperature readings for the axillary site compared to those of the other sites. In conclusion, this study has revealed that the application of a digital thermometer using the inguinal site gives temperature readings that are similar to those of the conventional cloacal method.
Keywords: Axillary site, Broiler chicken, Cloacal site, Digital thermometer, Inguinal site, Temperature[Full text-PDF] [Crossref Metadata] [Scopus] [Export from ePrints]
Effects of Bioherbal Compounds on Performance and Intestinal Characteristics of Laying Chickens |
Research Paper
Effects of Bioherbal Compounds on Performance and Intestinal Characteristics of Laying Chickens
Utami CMP, Sjofjan O, and Natsir MH.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 199-205, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300022-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.22
ABSTRACT: Since the European Union banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed in 2006 (EC Regulation No 1831/2003), alternative feed additives have been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a bioherbal combination of probiotics and phytobiotics as a feed additive in drinking water on the performance and intestinal characteristics of male laying chickens. The study was performed on 200 male laying chickens for 60 days. This research method was a field experiment with a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and five replications. The treatments were T0 (drinking water without bioherbal, control), T1 (control + bioherbal code 1 M), T2 (control + bioherbal code 2 H), and T3 (control + bioherbal combination of 1M and 2H). The investigated parameters included growth performance and intestinal profile of the male laying chickens. The addition of bioherbal increased the number of villi in the intestines of the male laying chickens; however, there was no significant difference among other parameters. It can be concluded that the addition of bioherbal code 2H as a feed additive with a composition of herbal leaves can improve the performance and intestinal characteristics of male laying chickens.
Keywords: Intestinal Characteristic, Male Layings, Performance Production, Phytobiotic, Probiotic
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Research Paper
Molecular Characterization of the NRAMP1 Gene and Blood Parameters of Sinai and Lohman Brown Chickens in Egypt
Habashy WS, Adomako K, and Abdel-Rahman MM.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 206-215, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300023-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.23
ABSTRACT: In almost all animal species, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) have been linked to disease resistance. It plays a crucial part in innate immunity and can affect adaptive immunity as well. The aim of this study was to investigate some immunological traits and molecular genetics in the native breed of chickens, named Sinai (S) and a commercial strain of Lohman Brown (LB). The NRAMP1 gene was reported to be associated with a defense mechanism against infection by bacteria and viruses. A total of 144 female day-old chicks, including 72 from the commercial layer strain (LB) and 72 from the Egyptian native chicken strain (S), were used in this study. At 38 days of age, blood samples were taken randomly from 8 chickens of each group for serum antibodies against the New Castle disease virus, avian influenza virus, and infectious bursal disease virus analysis. Additionally, genomic DNA was extracted from 20 blood samples at 38 days of age. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were conducted on the DNA samples, followed by sequencing of the PCR products to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NRAMP1 gene in the two strains of chickens. The findings indicated that lymphocyte, eosinophil, phagocyte activity, and IgY were significantly greater in LB chicks than in S chicks. Sinai chickens, on the other hand, achieved dominance in Newcastle titter. Eight SNPs were found in NRAMP1 of the two strains. The nucleotide identity between S and LB nucleotides was 58.68%, while the changes in different amino acids were found in different positions. Multiple SNPs in the NRAMP1 gene have been discovered in Sinai and LB, suggesting that this gene can be used as a genetic marker for the selection of high-producing indigenous hybrids with the ability to resist pathogenic diseases in poultry.
Keywords: Disease resistance, Lohman Brown, Sinai, Gene, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
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Research Paper
Effects of Using Commercial and Homemade Extenders on Sperm Quality of Liquid Stored Semen of Horro Chicken Breed
Getachew T, Goshu G and Lemma A.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 216-222, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300024-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.24
Keywords: Horro, In vitro viability, Motility, Morphology, Semen, Sperm
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Research Paper
Comparative Analysis of Contract Farming Effect on Technical Efficiency of Broiler Chicken Farms in Indonesia
Junaidi E, Jamhari, and Masyhuri.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 223-232, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300025-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.25
ABSTRACT: The development of broiler chicken farms in Indonesia has taken two forms, namely non-contract and contract farming. This study aimed to compare the technical efficiency levels of production in these two types of farming in Banten Province, Indonesia. Data were collected randomly from 180 broiler chicken farmers, consisting of 103 non-contract and 77 contract farmers. The study used the stochastic frontier production function to meet its objectives. The results showed that non-contract broiler chicken farmers were less efficient in their production than those under contract. The mean technical efficiency of the production factor for non-contract broiler chicken farmers was 0.689, ranging from 0.339 to 0.996. On the contrary, broiler chicken farmers under contract had a higher mean efficiency value of 0.893, ranging from 0.638 to 0.988. Moreover, the type of input supplier had a significant positive effect on technical inefficiency in non-contract farms. Non-contract farmers who purchased their production needs from a poultry shop showed higher technical efficiency compared to those who used distributors. This research sheds light on the efficiency of broiler chicken farms, both non-contract and contract, enabling all stakeholders, including the government, to devise appropriate policies for the development of broiler chicken farming. The study provided valuable insights into the technical efficiency levels of broiler chicken farming in Indonesia, which can help farmers identify areas that need improvement and develop strategies to increase productivity and profitability.
Keywords: Broiler farm, Contract farming, Input suppliers, Stochastic frontier, Technical efficiency
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Research Paper
Chitosan Hydroxyapatite: Physic-chemical Properties and its Effect on the Growth and Development of Broiler Chickens
Vokhidova NR, Ergashev KX, Ibragimov D, Rashidova SSh.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 233-243, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300026-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.26
ABSTRACT: The current study aimed to obtain a calcium-containing, biocompatible drug based on chitosan Bombyx mori. Composites of Chitosan (CS) Bombyx mori with hydroxyapatite (HA) in the ratio of CS/HA = 50:50 mass percentage were synthesized in situ conditions at Ca/P = 1.67 mol% with intensive stirring for one hour at a speed of 1400 rpm and a temperature of 40 ± 2ºС. It was revealed that the components form an intermediate complex through –N-Ca, O-Ca, O (glycosidic bond)–Ca, H–O-bonds interacted by electrostatic forces. Atomic force microscopy studies indicated particles in the 100-50 nm size range on the polymer matrix surface. The polymer matrix prevented the growth of HA crystals and particle agglomeration. It was also determined that the CS/HA composite was non-toxic, and the LD50 was more than 5000 mg/kg. The composites were introduced into the chickens’ diet in groups for 30 days at 25 to 40 mg/kg doses. The findings indicated an increased survival rate of chickens by 100%, improved the morphological parameters of the blood, and enhanced the contents of calcium, phosphorus, and hemoglobin. The addition of CS/HA=50:50 mass percentage contributed to an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood of broilers and hemoglobin by 11-12%. It should be noted that CS/HA did not adversely affect other morphological parameters of chicken blood. Therefore, CS/HA is recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis and osteomalacia in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Composites of chitosan Bombyx mori, Hydroxyapatite, In situ, Osteoporosis
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Research Paper
The Effect of Nano-bentonite Supplementation on Reducing the Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan Chickens’ Diet
Yunianta, Astuti A, Mawardi NK, Darini MT, Sastrohartono H, Khusnan, and Sofi’ul Anam M.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 244-252, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300027-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.27
ABSTRACT: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are fungi that produce toxic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins. These toxins can contaminate various food and feed products, including grains and nuts, before or after they are harvested. This contamination is most commonly found in tropical countries. Many studies have demonstrated that clay additions can reduce animal aflatoxin toxicity. The objective of this research was to study how the usage of Pacitan's local bentonite, located in East Java, Indonesia, could potentially decrease the harmful effects of aflatoxin B1 in native chicken species. The Masking Gel Calcification method was used to create bentonite nanoparticles at the Center for Ceramics in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The in vivo study was conducted at a native chicken farm in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with 1200 unsexed Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens. Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan chickens were divided into 4 treatments and 6 replications, each containing 50 chickens. The diets in the treatments were named as T0 (the control group in which chickens were fed basal diet, without aflatoxin B1), T1 ( T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1), T2 (T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg Factory Feed with standard factory absorbent), and T3 (T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg nano bentonite). Aspergillus flavus isolates from PAU Universitas Gadjah Mada were created using crude aflatoxin (FNC 2262). This study found a significant difference in KUB chicken performance, specifically in feed conversion ratio (FCR). Compared to T0, the findings indicated that T1 had the highest FCR value, followed by T2 and T3. It can be concluded that nanoparticle bentonite has a looser structure because of decreased packing density with the lowest FCR. Based on hematology analysis, it can suppress aflatoxin B1 toxicity in KUB chickens.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Aspergillus flavus, Bentonite, Feed conversion ratio, Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan chicken
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Research Paper
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Hong Kong Caterpillar (Tenebrio molitor) on Quail Egg Quality
Nuraini N, Nur YSh, Djulardi A, Amizar R, and Sari YCh.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 253-260, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300028-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.28
ABSTRACT: The Hong Kong caterpillar (HC) is an alternative source of animal protein for feed. This research aimed to study the effect of using Hong Kong caterpillars in the quail diet on egg quality. A total of 200 quail aged 8-14 weeks, weighing 110 ± 10 g, were used in the study, with 40% production. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The laying quail diets were formulated with varying levels of HC, including 0% HC for group A, 3% HC for B, 6% HC for C, 9% HC for D, and 12% HC for E. The egg quality parameters measured were egg yolk fat, egg yolk cholesterol, egg white protein, and eggshell thickness. The results indicated that including 12% HC in the quail diet significantly reduced egg yolk cholesterol and egg yolk fat. However, eggshell thickness and egg white protein remained unaffected. Consequently, it can be concluded that Hong Kong caterpillars can be used in quail diets up to a maximum of 12% to reduce egg yolk cholesterol and fat while maintaining eggshell thickness and egg white protein levels.
Keywords: Egg quality, Fish meal, Hong Kong caterpillar, Quail
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Effects of Replacing Maize by Proso Millet on Performance of Broiler Chickens |
Research Paper
Effects of Replacing Maize by Proso Millet on Performance of Broiler Chickens
Khalil MA, Tarsha HA, and Kussaibati RJ.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 261-267, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300029-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.29
ABSTRACT: The continual rise in the cost of poultry feed ingredients, the fluctuations in price and the comparatively insufficient maize supply have prompted a search for less expensive alternatives. This research study was carried out to investigate the impact of a partial or total replacement of maize with proso millet on performance parameters of broiler chickens, including live body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and carcass yield. An experiment was carried out using 160 one-day-old broiler chicks of a commercial breed. The chicks were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 32. They consumed different isoprotein and isocaloric diets in which maize was replaced by proso millet at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% inclusion rates as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Results showed that all broiler chickens fed on diets containing different rates of millet instead of maize significantly improved live body weight, feed conversion ratio, and carcass yield for females and males compared to T1. Additionally, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the relative weight of the liver for females and males compared to T1. The use of millet in diets did not negatively affect the broilers’ health, and the mortality rate was low throughout the experiment. These results confirmed that maize could be replaced by proso millet in broiler chicken diets up to 100%.
Keywords: Body weight, Broiler chickens, Feed conversion ratio, Maize, Proso millet
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Research Paper
Effects of Cyperus alternifolius, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Typha angustifolia, and Imperata cylindrica on Growth Performance, Feed Digestibility, Gut Microbiota, Haemato-biochemical and Immunity Parameters in Broiler Chickens
Nyembo KC, Ciza AP, Tchoffo H, Amani MI, Tchouan DG, Tchakounté FM, Edie NLW, Tindo TR, Taboumda E, and Kana JR.
J. World Poult. Res. 13(2): 268-279, 2023; pii: S2322455X2300030-13
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.30
ABSTRACT: The rhizomes of Cyperus (C.) alternifolius, Echinochloa (E.) pyramidalis, Typha (T.) angustifolia, and Imperata (I.) cylindrica are rich in secondary metabolites and have diverse pharmacological activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary C. alternifolius, E. pyramidalis, T. angustifolia, and I. cylindrical rhizomes on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of 384 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (each treatment replicated four times). The first group received a basal diet (negative control), and the second group received a basal diet with 1 gr of antibiotic (Doxicycline, positive control). Other groups received a basal diet with 2 gr of each phyto-additives/kg feed. The results revealed that treatments had no significant effects on feed intake and carcass yield in chickens. The C. alternifolius and T. angustifolia significantly increased live weight and weight gain, and decreased feed conversion ratio, compared to negative control. The addition of C. alternifolius, T. angustifolia, and I. cylindrica to broilers’ diet significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, compared to the negative control. Compared to the negative control, the lactic acid bacteria count significantly increased with the incorporation of T. angustifolia and I. cylindrica. The granulocytes count and globulins concentration were not affected by the different treatments. However, the lymphocyte count was significantly decreased with the diet containing E. pyramidalis compared to the negative and positive controls, and the diets containing C. alternifolius and T. angustifolia. The spleen and bursa weights and volumes significantly increased in all groups of chickens fed on phyto-additives, compared to the negative control. Except for haematocrit, which significantly increased with C. alternifolius and T. angustifolia in the treatments compared to the negative control, the feed additives did not significantly affect the hematological parameters. Compared to the negative control, T. angustifolia and I. cylindrica significantly increased HDL-cholesterol concentration in broiler chickens’ serum, while all treatment groups were comparable for all the other biochemical parameters. Incorporating 2 g of C. alternifolius and T. angustifolia in broiler chickens’ feed improves feed digestibility, enhances the population of lactic acid bacteria in the gut, and causes subsequent improvement in growth performance.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Digestibility, Growth performance, Gut microbiota, Immunity, Phyto-additive
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